Компьютер как новая реальность математики: III. Числа Мерсенна и суммы делителей
Аннотация
Нигде в математике прогресс, связанный с возникновением компьютеров, не является столь зримым, как в аддитивной теории чисел. В этой части будет рассказано о роли компьютеров в исследованиях поведения древнейшей функции, суммы делителей, свойства которой пифагорейцы начали систематически изучать больше 2500 лет назад. Описание траекторий этой функции — совершенные числа, дружественные числа, общительные числа, and the like — составляет содержание некольких поставленных два–три тысячелетия назад задач, которые не решены до сих пор. Теорема Эвклида—Эйлера сводит описание четных совершенных чисел к простым числам Мерсенна. После 1914 года ни одно новое простое число Мерсенна не было открыто вручную, с 1952 года все они открыты при помощи компьютеров. При помощи компьютеров сегодня каждый день строится в сотни и тысячи раз больше новых пар дружественных чисел, чем было до этого открыто вручную за несколько тысячелетий. В конце статьи обсуждается гипотеза Каталана—Диксона.
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